Hartmann Spring, 1998 Psychology 326: Social and Personality Development Quiz #1, Form A, Part A Directions: (1) Be sure to print your name and social security number in the indicated squares on the back of the IBM answer sheet provided you. (2) Also blacken the numbers or letters of the alphabet that correspond to this information. (3) Indicate the test form (e.g., A or B) you are taking under "SIDE ONE" (upper right corner) on the front of the answer sheet. (4) Then blacken (with a pencil) the most correct alternative for each question on this same answer sheet. Do not leave any questions unanswered -- there is no penalty for guessing. (5) You should also circle the correct answer on your test form which you may keep. The correct answers will be made available to you as you leave the classroom. [Note: You may appeal the keyed answer to any question by providing a written rationale for your answer within 2 school days of the exam. Give your name, test form, item number, and text page and paragraph in support of your argument.] Sample item: As president of the renowned Quigly Ironworks, you are host at a brilliant dinner party held in the executive dining room of the main factory. The governor of the state is a guest, and after cigars and liqueurs he expresses a desire to tour the plant. He shows a keen interest in the 200-ton crane, the 100-foot high blast furnaces, and the 20,000-ton hydraulic forging press. He is examining the taphole in the bottom of one of the huge ingot-molding buckets when you accidentally lean against a lever that releases 20 tons of molten steel into the bucket. You should: a. poke around in the bucket with a ladle to see if you can find the governor. b. change the labeling on the ingot to read "20 tons, 175 lbs." c. run for governor. d. call the governor's aide to inquire why the governor hasn't shown up for the dinner party. e. ask the governor's wife if she expected to be alone during the evening. 1. The first published observations (that is, data) on child development were a. baby biographies b. G. Stanley Hall's studies of children's thinking c. Freud's observations of his neurotic patients d. Piaget's studies of children's moral reasoning e. Adam's depictions of Eve disciplining their children 2. Piaget's work on children's moral reasoning and general intellectual development illustrates the method. a. case study b. structured interview c. experimental d. interview e. cross-sectional 3. To study the effect of the teacher's gender on children's scholastic performances, third-graders in a large school are randomly assigned to classes with female teachers or to classes with male teachers. This is a a. natural (or quasi- ) experiment b. a case study c. field experiment d. naturalistic-observational study 4. An investigator who studies the development of aggression by selecting a sample of 2-year-olds and a sample of 4-year-olds and following them for 5 years to see if they become any more or less aggressive is employing a a. cross-sectional design b. cross-cultural design c. longitudinal design d. sequential design 5. Psychoanalysts believe that the events of the early years can have long-term effects on the developing personality. An ethologist would almost certainly agree and would refer to to make this point. a. the concept of natural selection b. the instincts we inherit c. the behavior genetics literature d. the concept of critical periods e. Lorenz's work in aggression (catharsis) 6. Evolutionary theories are often criticized for a. being difficult to falsify b. providing retrospective or post hoc accounts of human development c. failing to generate testable predictions about future development d. all of the above e. none of the above 7. 1 - r (identical twins) is an estimate of a. the heritability of an attribute b. the amount of variation in a trait that is attributable to environmental influences c. the amount of variation in a trait that is attributable to shared environmental influences d. the amount of variation in a trait that is attributable to nonshared environmental influences e. the same variation as 1 - p (fraternal twins) 8. One implication of Scarr and McCartney's active genotype-environment interactions is that a. genes influence the kind of life experiences people are likely to have b. identical twins should strongly resemble each other on all aspects c. genes determine out environments d. environments play only a secondary role in shaping personality attributes e. all of the above 9. The coffee and cream problem discussed and illustrated in class might be interpreted to mean that a. not all college students use formal operational thought at all times. b. all conservation problems are not created equal. c. horizontal decoulage (inconsistent stage reasoning) is alive and well in SLC. d. All of the above. e. None of the above. 10. Watson's experiment with little Albert demonstrated that a. human newborns are susceptible to the mere exposure effect b. operant conditioning was possible with children as young as 11 months c. fears can be acquired through observational learning d. emotional responses in humans could be classically conditioned e. children are naturally afraid of rats no matter what their color 11. Bandura's theory of observational learning contends that an observer may be unable or unwilling to reproduce the behavior of a model if a. the observer does not attend closely to the model's actions b. the observer fails to transform modeled activities into symbolic form for storage in memory c. the observer fails to rehearse or practice d. the model is punished for his (her) actions e. all of the above 12. In a Bandurian analysis of, say, truth telling, we would likely ask which of the following questions? a. What were the consequences the child received for truth telling? b. What kind of models was the child exposed to (e.g., truth telling)? c. How did the child's parents label him/her (e.g., as an honest kid)? d. How consistently (e.g., across settings) was the child's truth telling dealt with? e. All of the above. 13. Bandura believes that largely determine who we are and the activities we are likely to pursue. a. our actual strengths and weaknesses b. our perceptions of competence, or self-efficacy c. the environment parents structure for us d. social modeling influences e. heredity 14. According to the syllabus, we will have two quizzes, both of which are composed of two parts. Furthermore, a. the lowest one of the four parts can be discarded. b. a quiz can be missed without penalty, as long as the student displays adequate performance on the paper or class presentation. c. a makeup quiz will be administered during final exam week. d. the second quiz is weighted more that is the first quiz. e. none of the above. 15. According to the lecturer, a particularly important function of theories is that they a. make the study of social behavior more complex. b. direct our attention to the North Star. c. give meaning to facts. d. show just how weird little Johnnie really is. e. are in danger of putting us in perceptual straight jackets. 16. According to Anastasi's analysis of the nature-nurture controversy, which of the following questions is not stupid? a. Is Behavior X caused by heredity or environment? b. Is Behavior X more caused by heredity or environment? c. How do heredity and environment interact to produce Behavior X? d. All of the above or none of the above are stupid. 17. Age, cohort, and time of assessment are referred to as "fat variables" because they a. lack specificity. b. are low in exercise and high in caloric content. c. are preferred by investigators who crave junk food. d. are associated with a rich assortment of possible etiological factors. e. are not causal factors. 18. Brofenbrenner's ecological systems model emphasizes the role of in influencing child development. a. environment b. heredity c. intellectual maturation d. interacting environmental systems e. Venn diagrams 19. According to the presentation on hospitalization and attachment, when dealing with children and chronic illness, the therapist should: a. prompt parents to give liberal visits, especially at bedtime b. make sure the parents do not overprotect and restrict the child, which may interfere with normal attachment and growth c. realize pre-existing problems with the child or family may exacerbate behavioral problems d. treat not only the child, but also the child's family e. all of the above 20. Piaget uses the term to refer to the intellectual structures we create to represent, organize, or interpret our experiences. a. schemes b. organizations c. formal operations d. conservations e. habits 21. A 5-year-old who knows his left from his right but who places a pencil held in his left hand into the right hand of a peer facing him when told to "place the pencil in Johnnie's left hand" is displaying a. the symbolic function b. conservation c. egocentrism d. transitivity e. seriation 22. A person who fails to wear her seat belt while driving because she feels uniquely invulnerable to harm is displaying a form of adolescent "egocentrism" known as a. the personal fable b. the imaginary audience phenomenon c. the generation gap d. transitivity e. personalism 23. The traditional family -- dad working, mom at home with the kids, and two kids -- never was very common, and now is typical of approximately % of households, according to the lecturer. a. Less than 10 b. 20 c. 20 d. 40 e. More that 40 24. According to Robert Selman (1980), children younger than 8 or 9 describe acquaintances in terms of their concrete attributes (for example, their activities, appearances, possessions) rather than their psychological characteristics because children this young a. think most behaviors are situationally caused b. fail to use any causal schemata that would enable them to make internal attributions c. lack role-taking skills d. are perceptually limited to a single domain e. are prey to the fundamental attribution error. 25. A child who grimaces upon seeing a crippled, one-armed lady and who avoids the lady's attention a. has not yet developed the complex emotions of guilt or shame b. is not yet proficient at social referencing c. has not yet learned emotional display rules d. is largely incapable of experiencing empathic distress e. is socially retarded 26. Which theorist that we studied this quarter is most likely to have made the following comment: "By contrast, one would rely on sexually-balanced social stimuli, rather than on hormonal injections for producing erotic arousal in human males." a. Freud b. Lorenz c. Bowlby d. Scarr e. Bandura 27. Research on early emotional bonding has shown that a. contact at birth is critical for the development of strong parent-to-infant attachments b. skin-to-skin contact within 10-12 hours after birth ensures the strongest possible parent-to-infant attachments c. adoptive parents and children cannot achieve as close an attachment as biological parents and children can d. attachments between parent and infant build slowly over a period of months following the birth of a child e. emotional bonds are lower risk than GE or Microsoft 28. Cognitive-developmental theory (e.g., Piaget, Selman, Kohlberg) includes the notion of stages. These stages presumably have which of the following characteristics? a. quantitatively different b. variable order c. coherence or consistency d. based upon the content of thought e. all, or none of the above 29. A poor marital relationship a. is typically improved by the arrival of a baby b. often interferes with parents' attachment to their infant c. often promotes attachments as unhappy spouses set their differences aside and cooperate with each other to establish synchronous interactions with their infants d. makes for effective interactions as long as the partners agree that the relationship is poor e. can't possibly produce children as children are a product of love 30. Freud's theory of personality development might be inaccurate because it was originally a. developed to explain biological events, rather than psychological events. b. based largely on 19th century, middle-class, female, Viennese patients. c. derived from the memory drum performances of college sophomores. d. "factualized" on the results of primitive psychological tests. e. predicated on sexual instincts, and children are basically sexless. 31. Which of the following is not a major contribution of B.F. Skinner to the study of social behavior? a. Psychology is the science of overt behavior. b. Behavior resides in the individual organism. c. Functional definitions. d. Principles of reinforcement. e. Statistical analysis. 32. Harlow and Zimmerman's (1959) classic "surrogate mother" study showed that a. attachment follows different courses in monkeys and humans b. monkeys must have achieved a certain level of object permeance before they will form attachments c. contact comfort delayed the onset of stranger anxiety d. feeding is not the primary determinant of attachments in monkeys e. surrogate mothers are preferred to real mothers 33. According to cognitive-developmental theorists, infants and toddlers are most likely to cry when separated from their mothers if a. the separation is initiated by the child b. the separation occurs in the home where the infant has associated stress and discomfort with the mother's absence c. the child is left with a reminder of home d. the child cannot explain where the mother may have gone e. they wear old-fashioned diapers 34. As part of the presentation on poverty and achievement, Deborah related a study conducted by the California Department of Education (1989) that indicated that a. there is a moderate positive correlation (.60) between poverty and school drop out b. close proximity of beaches is correlated with lower attendance in California high schools c. in this country poverty is the major cause of low achievement d. students from disadvantaged backgrounds surprisingly often excel in school. e. there is no way of knowing what factors are connected to dropping out. 35. If the avoidance of a stimulus or event by a response strengthens the response, the stimulus or event is a(n) a. positive punishment. b. negative punishment. c. positive reinforcer. d. negative reinforcer. e. extinguishing stimulus. 36. Ainsworth's "strange situations" test for assessing attachment quality has been criticized for a. creating unnecessary stress for infants b. providing an assessment of infant behavior that may not generalize to the home setting c. being of limited usefulness for characterizing the attachments of children much older than 2 years of age d. all of the above e. none of the above 37. An ethological account of parent-infant attachment is that attachments occur because a. parents gratify the infant's oral needs. b. infants are biologically programmed to love their parents. c. both infant and parents are biologically predisposed to respond to each other in ways that promote proximity. d. hormonal changes at birth predispose infants to become attached to their parents. e. of innate smiling reflexes. 38. Recent longitudinal studies reveal that the best predictor of an infant's attachment classification at age 12 months is a. the infant's earlier temperamental characteristics b. the infant's sensitivity to social signals throughout the first year c. the infant's social behaviors throughout the first year d. the kind of caregiving that the infant's mother has provided e. the number of sucker-like growths on it's arms and legs 39. The research on the effects of maternal employment (or for that matter, on out-of-home care) may be a bit controversial or confusing because a. children are not randomly assigned to a working versus a non-working mother. b. children are not randomly assigned to child care conditions. c. all care conditions are not equal (nor for that matter, are all parents equally skilled at child rearing). d. these are highly politicized issues, and the results of investigations may be subject to experimenter bias. e. All of the above. 40. Studies examining the effects of maternal employment on attachment suggest that a. most infants are securely attached to their working mothers b. most infants form avoidant attachments with their working mothers c. most infant sons of working mothers are securely attached, whereas most infant daughters are insecurely attached. d. most infants of working mother are insecurely attached to their fathers e. securely attached individuals make better (more loyal) employees 41. The remarkably positive outcomes of the Asian adoptees studied by Clark and Hanisee (1982) can be attributed to a. the fact that these youngsters were adopted in the first year of life b. the fact that Asians have become genetically resistant to the effects of early deprivation c. the relatively mild early deprivation that these youngsters had experienced d. the education and affluence of the adoptive families e. their ingestion of substantial soy products 42. The self-descriptions of 3- to 5-year-old preschool children a. focus exclusively on the social categories to which these youngsters belong (for example, age and sex) b. make a clear distinction between "private" and "public" self c. are "activity-based" rather than "categorical" or "psychological" d. reflect the sense of industriousness that will help them resolve their identity crises e. are often quite phallic 43. Among adolescents, suicide is a. extremely rare b. more commonly attempted by males than by females c. one of the three leading causes of death d. largely limited to those who are unpopular or who perform poorly at school e. more likely to be considered by males than by females 44. When minority youth call a member of their own ethnic group an "Oreo" or a "coconut" they are a. displaying strong racial prejudice b. illustrating the conflicts minority youth experience between the demands of the majority culture and those of their subculture c. contributing in an adaptive way to the person's identity achievement d. expressing culinary preferences e. abusing poetic license 45. Vygotsky emphasized the role of as a self-regulating mechanism that assists us in achieving self-control. a. collaborative learning b. private speech c. cognitive operations d. abstract ideation e. the zone of proximal development 46. Which of the following explanation for the initiation of social smiling might be preferred by a Skinnerian? a. Imitation learning. b. It is innate -- the organism is prewired to smile. c. Shaping or learning by successive approximations. d. Cognitive disequilibrium. e. Classical conditioning. 47. McClelland's cross-cultural research (reported in his book The Achieving Society) led him to conclude that a. a preoccupation with achievement arises from a country's prior economic growth b. the average level of achievement motivation among a country's populace is an accurate predictor of the country's future economic growth c. a country's future economic growth is directly dependent on the religious ideology of those in power d. societies rather than individuals are responsible for achievement e. the need for achievement exceeds fear of failure in most societies 48. Which of the following types of adult commentary is most likely to foster a mastery orientation? One that a. points out a child's errors b. suggests that errors indicate the need for a change in tactics c. emphasizes avoiding errors d. involves comparison to others and fosters competition with other children e. punishes the child for mistakes 49. According to the text, what is a likely reason for the "link" between security of attachment and achievement motivation? a. securely attached children are more curious, self-reliant, and eager to solve problems b. securely attached children are more intellectually competent c. parents of securely attached infants provide more stimulating environments d. parents of securely attached children are more demanding e. securely attached parents are brighter, and genetically transmit this brightness to their children 50. One reason why the brightest female students are often the pupils who underestimate their academic capabilities the most is that a. teachers give these girls too much praise and eventually undermine their intrinsic interest in academics b. praise given to female students often does not reflect their teacher's true expectations about their academic capabilities c. generally speaking, female students receive less praise from their teachers than male students do d. females are less responsive to a teacher's praise than males are e. these children are often slightly depressed, and depression leads to lower self evaluations 51. In which of the following designs are time of assessment and age confounded? a. cross sectional b. longitudinal c. time-lagged d. all of the above e. none of the above 52. Which of the following is perhaps the most controversial aspect of Freud's theory? a. that early childhood experiences are crucial to later performance b. that mechanisms of defense are employed in anxiety-arousing situations c. that different conflicts typify different stages of development d. that part of our experiences are unconscious e. that two basic instincts, Eros and Thanatos, are the motive force in life 53. "I am not what I think I am; I am not what you think I am; I am what I think you think I am." This paraphrase of a famous quote describes which of the following conception of the self? a. Mahler's "chicken and egg" conception b. Cooley and Mead's "looking glass self." c. Mead and Baldwin's "similarity assumption" d. James' "I" and "me" e. no conception of self; It comes from "Who's on base", part of an old Abbott and Costello routine