ATTACHMENT II
BACKGROUND
MATERNAL DEPRIVATION
	Clinical studies of extensive maternal deprivation:
	Animal research:
		Scott's work with dogs
		Harlows work with monkeys
	Interpretations:
		Maternal Deprivation
		Stimulus deprivation hypothesis
		Social stimulation hypothesis
MATERNAL EMPLOYMENT
	Statistics
	Results
INFANT DAY CARE
	Statititics
	Results
	Caveats
	Quality of Day care


Interpretation of Animal Studies:  3 positions:
Maternal Deprivation:  (The ethological/psychoanalytic speculations by Bowlby):  Infants need a single 
"mother" to attend to their needs during the critical period of infancy.
	-- Evidence from China and Israel (Kibbutz and mataplots) raised by rotating child rearers did 
beautifully.  And Harlows' monkeys recovered.
Stimulus deprivation hypothesis: Understaffed institutional settings are breeding grounds for 
developmental abnormalities because they provide the infant with a monotonous sensory environment where 
there is little if any stimulation to encourage any sort of responsiveness.
	-- Pratt did study with isolated monkeys, showing them "slide shows" of objects, other monkeys, 
and the like.  The slide shows had no effect on the isolated monkeys.
	-- Provence & Lipton (1962) provided healthy institutionalized children with toys, visual and 
auditory exposure to other infants; they showed roughly the same retardation as instit. kids without this 
stimulation.
Social stimulation hypothesis: Children need sustained interactions with responsive companions in order to 
develop normally --a contingent social world.  Without the opportunity to learn about mutual control, the 
children develop "learned helplessness".
	-Children can recuperate from socially limiting conditions if they are placed in homes where they 
receive ample doses of individualized attention from affectionate and responsive caregivers (e.g., research 
by W. Dennis of Lebonese orphanage children).  However, if the deprivation begins in the first year, and 
lasts until the 3rd year, chances of recuperation reduced.

MATERNAL EMPLOYMENT: STATISTICS
	20% of children are reared in 1-parent families.  
	7% of families represent the traditional nuclear family, with father as breadwinner, mother as 
homemaker, with 2 or more children living at home.
	62+% of mothers are employed outside home (late ‘80s).  
	Fastest growing group of employed mothers is mothers with children under 1 year of age.  Half of 
such women are working.