THEORIES: CONTEMPORARY BIOLOGICALLY-BASED THEORIES
	Ethological Theories
		Characteristics
			Genetic emphasis
			Capable children
			Instinctive motives
			Philosophical origin
			Observational methodology
		Weaknesses
Behavior Genetics
		Clarifications
			Heritability coefficients
				Assumptions
			Shared & nonshared environments (Hoffman)
			Genotype/environmental interactions 
			(Scarr & McCarthy)
			-- Passive GEIs
			-- Active GEIs

 Scarr & McCartney
Genetic-Environmental Interactions
	Passive genotype/environment interactions: parents contribute to 
their children by providing them with genes and with an environment in 
which they can grow -- and the environment which they provide is not 
independent of the parents' genes (e.g., exercise -- the children may 
come to enjoy physical exercise for both hereditary and environmental 
reasons -- the parents provide an environment that promotes vigerous 
activity, and the children have genotypes that are facilitated by that 
environment -- and so the two may be inextricably intertwined.  So the 
environment is partly genetically determined!
	Evocative genotype/environmental interactions: kids with different 
genes may evoke different reactions from their environment (e.g., 
smilely babies are responded to differently in their social 
environments than are nonsmilely babies).  As   Shaffer states: 
"heredity affects the character of the social environment in which the 
personality develops."  As a result, genotype and environmental 
stimuli become correlated, and again inextricably intertwined!
	Active geotype/environmental interactions -- Niche picking: the 
environments children chose will be dependent upon their genes -- will 
be compatible with their genetic predispositions.  So smart kids chose 
to be in intellectually stimulating environments -- in which they 
become even smarter; whereas not-so-smart kids chose less 
intellectually stimulating environments in which their intellectual 
growth will be decellerated.  Again, heredity and environment are 
intertwined inextricably.