THEORIES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
HISTORICAL: Freud
Psychological structures: Id, ego, & superego
	Metaphors for...
Motivational: Eros & Thanatos
Stages: Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
	Stage have focal "charge" &  conflicts
	Psychosexual or psychosocial (Erickson)
Personality dynamics:
	Mechanisms of defense
	Levels of consciousness: uncons., precons., conscious
		Wittgenstein & fish
Emphasis on importance of infancy
Psychological or literary Theory
Followers: e.g., Young, Adler, Little Anna, Sullivan,
	 Horney, Erickson, and the neo-Hullians
Summary:
	Problems and weaknesses: e.g.,internally inconsistent
overgeneralization, subjective, complex
	Assets: e.g., focus on emotional behavior, 
liberalization of sex, focus on the symbolic


PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES ACCORDING TO FREUD
	Oral (0-1 years): pleasuree is focused on the alimentary 
canal.
	Anal (1-3 years): pleasure is focused on the anal spinctre.
	Phallic (3-6 years): time of the generation and 
resolution of the Oedipal (for boys) & Electra complexes 
(for girls).
	Latency (6-12 years):  Attention is directed toward other 
activities, such as sports, achievement, and socializing.
	Genital (from the beginning of adolescent to thereafter). 

The importance of symbolism
(from Fenichel’s Psychoanalytic theory of the neurosis, 1945)

Many children feel compelled to play the jester to make other people 
laugh; they cannot stand seriousness.  Similar disturbances occur in 
adults, too.  Such behavior implies that the person fears being 
punished for his instinctual impulses; by pretending that he is merely 
jesting, he hopes to avoid punishment.  [So things are not ass they 
seem.]  Usually however, the jesting is more than an avoidance of 
punishment; it has an exhibitionistic quality and is an attempt to get 
confirmation from the spectators, and to seduce them to participate in 
the jesting sexual or aggressive acts.  The idea of making others 
laugh is a substitute for the idea of exciting them.  Without the 
jest, this excitement would be frightening.  [Again, things are not 
what they seem.]