RESEARCH METHODS 1
METHODS FOR STUDYING CHILDREN'S
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
TYPES OF INVESTIGATION
	-- VARIETY OF TYPES (e.g., laboratory and field 
investigations; case-, clinical-, deprivation-, and 
enrichment-studies)
DEVELOPMENTAL DESIGNS
	-- DEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTION VS. IDS
	-- AGE, COHORT, AND TIME OF ASSESSMENT
		CONFOUNDS
		NOT CAUSAL VARIABLES
		FAT VARIABLES
	-- SIMPLE TYPES
		LONGITUDINAL
		CROSS-SECTIONAL
		TIME-LAG
	-- COMPLEX: SEQUENTIAL DESIGN

RESEARCH METHODS 2
METHODS FOR STUDYING CHILDREN'S
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
STUDYING INTRA-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION
	CORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS
STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF IVs
	EXPERIMENTAL
		GROUP
		INDIVIDUAL SUBJECT
	NATURALISTIC STUDIES
		GROUP
		INDIVIDUAL
	COMBINATION STUDIES
GENERAL ISSUES OF VALIDITY
	INTERNAL (history, maturation,
	   instrumentation, testing,
	   attrition, & regression)
	STATISTICAL CONCLUSION (blowing
	   assumptions of statistical test,
	   power, unreliability, faulty IV
	   implementation)
	CONSTRUCT VALIDITY (E expect-
	   ations, social desirability,
	   Hawthorne effect)
	EXTERNAL VALIDITY (contrived
	   settings, unusual Ss)

RESEARCH METHODS 3
METHODS FOR STUDYING CHILDREN'S
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
OBTAINING MEASURES OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
	DIMENSIONS:
		Source
		Setting
		Structure
		Content
	TYPES:
		Interview
		Direct Observation
		Self-Reports
		Physiological Measures
		Psychological Tests


	DEVELOPMENTAL DESIGNS: 1

	      TIME OF TESTING
COHORT	1962	1964	1966	1968	1970
1960	2	4	6	8	10

1962	0	2	4	6	 8

1964	-	0	2	4	 6

1966	-	-	0	2	 4

NOTE: THE VALUES IN THE BODY OF THE TABLE ARE NOT SCORES ON THE 
DEPENDENT VARIABLE; THEY ARE THE AGE OF THE CHILDREN AT THE TIME OF 
TESTING.


THE THREE TRADITIONAL DEVELOPMENTAL DESIGNS: 2
LONGITUDINAL: SAME COHORT ASSESSED ACROSS TIME PERIODS
	FAVORED INTERPRETATION: CHANGES DUE TO AGE
	ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATION (CONFOUND): CHANGES DUE TO 
TIME OF TESTING 

CROSS-SECTIONAL: DIFFERENT COHORTS ASSESSED IN THE SAME 
TIME PERIOD
	FAVORED INTERPRETATION: DIFFERENCES DUE TO AGE
	ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATION (CONFOUND): CHANGES DUE TO 
COHORT DIFFERENCES

TIME-LAGGED: SAME AGE ASSESSED ACROSS TIME PERIODS
	ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATIONS (CONFOUND): DIFFERENCES 
DUE TO COHORT OR TO TIME OF TESTING


	TABLE SHOWING HOW
	COHORT X AGE X TIME OF TESTING
	GENERATE THE THREE COMMON
	DEVELOPMENTAL DESIGNS: 2

              TIME OF TESTING      
COHORT      1978    1980    1982
           -----------------------
 1960      | 18abc   20a     22a |
 1962      | 16b     18c     20  |
 1964      | 14b     16      18c |
           -----------------------
Note: Age at testing is given in table.
a=Longitudinal Design
b=Cross-sectional Design
c=Time-lagged Design


	LONGITUDINAL DESIGN SHOWING
	MMPI SOCIABILITY SCORES IN THE 1960
	FEMALE COHORT: 3

TIME OF TESTING (AGE)    MEAN SCORE

  1978 (18)                  52
  1980 (20)                  53
  1982 (22)                  55
  1984 (24)                  57
  1986 (26)                  60

NOTE: SCORES ARE T-SCORES WITH MEAN (M) EQUAL TO 50 AND STANDARD 
DEVIATION (SD) EQUAL TO 10.  N=150.  DATA ARE FICTITIOUS.


	TIME-LAGGED DESIGN SHOWING
	AVERAGE GRE SCORES FOR 20-YEAR-OLDS
	AT 5-YEAR INTERVALS FROM 1960
	TO 1985: 4

YEAR (COHORT)         MEAN GRE SCORES

 1960 (1942)               505
 1965 (1947)               500
 1970 (1952)               493
 1975 (1957)               487
 1980 (1962)               494
 1985 (1967)               499

NOTE: GRE MEASURED WITH MEAN (M) EQUAL TO 500 AND STANDARD DEVIATION 
(SD) EQUAL TO 100.  DATA ARE FICTITIOUS.