Hartmann Spring, 1997 Psychology 326: Social and Personality Development Quiz #1, Form A, Part A Directions: (1) Be sure to print your name and social security number in the indicated squares on the back of the IBM answer sheet provided you. (2) Also blacken the numbers or letters of the alphabet that correspond to this information. (3) Indicate the test form (e.g., A or B) you are taking under "SIDE ONE" (upper right corner) on the front of the answer sheet. (4) Then blacken (with a pencil) the most correct alternative for each question on this same answer sheet. Do not leave any questions unanswered -- there is no penalty for guessing. (5) You should also circle the correct answer on your test form which you may keep. The correct answers will be made available to you as you leave the classroom. [Note: You may appeal the keyed answer to any question by providing a written rationale for your answer within 3 school days of the exam. Give your name, test form, item number, and text page and paragraph in support of your argument.] Sample item: As president of the renowned Quigly Ironworks, you are host at a brilliant dinner party held in the executive dining room of the main factory. The governor of the state is a guest, and after cigars and liqueurs he expresses a desire to tour the plant. He shows a keen interest in the 200-ton crane, the 100-foot high blast furnaces, and the 20,000-ton hydraulic forging press. He is examining the taphole in the bottom of one of the huge ingot-molding buckets when you accidentally lean against a lever that releases 20 tons of molten steel into the bucket. You should: a. poke around in the bucket with a ladle to see if you can find the governor. b. change the labeling on the ingot to read "20 tons, 175 lbs. c. run for governor. d. call the governor's aide to inquire why the governor hasn't shown up for the dinner party. e. ask the governor's wife if she expected to be alone during the evening. 1. The fact that children choose the environments that will affect them, and that these environments may be likely to optimize their genetic predispositions is called by Scarr and McCartney a __________ genotype/environmental interaction. a. passive b. evocative c. active (or niche picking) d. optimizing e. effective 2. A child who grimaces upon seeing a crippled, one-armed lady and who avoids the lady's attention a. has not yet developed the complex emotions of guilt or shame b. is not yet proficient at social referencing c. has not yet learned emotional display rules d. is largely incapable of experiencing empathic distress e. is sexually precocious 3. As children progress through grade school, they begin to make clear distinctions between ability and effort as causes of achievement outcomes. Factors that contribute to these distinctions include a. cognitive development b. teachers' use of grades and other ability appraisals c. children's increasing reliance on social comparison information d. all of the above e. none of the above 4. The research on the effects of maternal employment (or for that matter, on out-of-home care) may be a bit controversial or confusing because a. children are not randomly assigned to a working versus a non-working mother. b. children are not randomly assigned to child care conditions. c. all care conditions are not equal (nor for that matter, are all parents equally skilled at child rearing). d. these are highly politicized issues, and the results of investigations may be subject to experimenter bias. e. all of the above. 5. Which of the following is the most accurate with regard to the effects of alternative care on children's development? a. children in alternative care are less securely attached to their parents than are those for full-time at home by their mothers b. children in alternative care tend to show developmental delays in cognitive development c. alternative care is associated with emotional insecurities and cognitive deficits only when children's entry into such care begins in the first year d. the effects of alternative care vary depending on the quality of care provided e. it is always good to care about alternatives 6. Which theorist that we studied this quarter is most likely to have made the following comment: Thus one would induce sexual behavior in a rodent, Don Juan, by administering androgen, whereas presenting him lascivious pictures of a well-endowed mouse would have no stimulating effects whatsoever. By contrast, one would rely on sexually-balanced social stimuli, rather then on hormonal injections for producing erotic arousal in human males. a. Freud b. Lorenz c. Bowlby d. Scarr e. Bandura 7. Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model emphasizes the role of in influencing child development. a. environment b. heredity c. intellectual maturation d. interacting environmental systems e. parks and wilderness users 8. Evolutionary theories are often criticized for a. being difficult to falsify b. providing retrospective or post hoc accounts of human development c. failing to generate testable predictions about future development d. all of the above e. none of the above 9. The different treatments to which participants are exposed in an experiment represent a. the dependent variable b. the independent variable c. the reliability check d. the experimenter's attempt at random assignment e. a naturalistic method 10. An observational scheme is reliable if a. all subjects complete the study b. the observer does not have a preexisting theory in mind c. the behaviors to be observed are specified in advance d. independent observers witnessing the same events can agree on what they have seen e. observers remember who they are 11. According to Bandura, the primary reason that we may strive to satisfy high performance standards and do not simply lower our expectations if they are difficult to achieve is that a. we anticipate external incentives for matching exacting standards b. other people (that is, social models) are rarely praised for substandard performances c. failures are not threatening if our standards are very high d. we feel particularly proud, competent, or efficacious when we meet exacting standards e. we confuse expectations and accomplishments 12. One strong criticism of Freud's theory of psychosexual development is that a. young Oedipal-aged children rarely if ever fondle their genitals b. young Oedipal-aged children are often unaware of anatomical differences between the sexes c. sexual yearnings don't occur prior to puberty d. Freud was himself asexual e. all or none of the above 13. An investigator who studies the development of aggression by selecting a sample of 2-year-olds and a sample of 4-year-olds and following them for 5 years to see if they become any more or less aggressive is employing a a. cross-sectional design b. cross-cultural design c. longitudinal design d. sequential design e. time-lag design 14. Perhaps the most frequent attributional error that preschool children make is to assume that a. people's actions have no causal effects b. most effects that people cause are accidental c. most effects that people cause are intentional d. most statement that people make are insincere e. storks bring babies 15. According to Vygotsky, a child's zone of proximal development describes tasks a. that are attractive because they have been reinforced b. that the child can't master without the assistance and encouragement of a more skillful partner c. that a child can easily acquire through direct tuition or observational learning d. at which the child feels self-efficacious e. that fail to meet the distal criteria 16. Erikson believed that the main developmental crisis of the first year centered around a. achieving autonomy. b. achieving a sense of initiative. c. oral gratification. d. learning to trust. e. water-produced weight gains. 17. Which of the following slogans best describes the social behavior of rhesus monkeys upon emerging from 6 months of social isolation? a. Misery loves miserable company b. Opposites attract c. Absence makes the heart grow fonder d. I'm going to get you, sucker e. Still water runs deep 18. According to the syllabus, a. students are discouraged from working conjointly on class projects. b. most students will receive grades of C or below for this course. c. grades for this class are based upon class presentation (and/or term paper), quiz performance, class participation, and extra credit work. d. completion of all of the requirements of this course has never been accomplished by a student in this class. e. completing both the class presentation and the term paper will result in dismissal from this class, if not the university. 19. The fact that children fear strangers more in strange situations and in the absence of their parents is perhaps most consistent with which of the following theoretical orientations? a. Cognitive Social Learning b. Cognitive Development c. Psychoanalytic d. Learning Theory e. Ethological 20. We know that individual genotypes play a part in the development of an attribute if a. identical twins reared together show greater resemblance on that attribute than fraternal twins reared apart b. unrelated adoptees reared together show greater remembrance on that attribute than unrelated children reared apart c. adopted children show greater resemblance on that attribute to their birth parents than to their adoptive parents d. identical twins reared together show greater resemblance on that attribute than identical twins reared apart e. both twins wear jeans 21. One-year-old Julie, who is playing with her toy, happens to notice her mother leave the room. Julie becomes upset and whimpers but soon resumes playing. Five minutes later, Julie smiles and willingly accepts a hug when her mother reenters the room, and then ventures away from mom to play with a distant object. Julie's attachment appears to be a. secure b. resistant c. avoidant d. disorganized/disoriented e. resilient 22. Infants show little fear of strangers when a. the stranger approaches quickly b. they are seated away from their mothers c. the infant controls the pace of the interaction d. the stranger appears in a strange setting e. the stranger is dressed in a clown suit 23. The traditional family -- dad working, mom at home with the kids, and two kids -- never was very common, and now is typical of approximately ____% of households, according to the lecturer. a. 0 b. 10 c. 20 d. 30 e. 40 24. By the end of the sensorimotor stage, children are capable of a. solving some problems in their heads b. reproducing the behavior of absent models c. understanding that objects continue to exist even if they can't be seen or located d. all of the above e. none of the above 25. Compared to those who are intrinsically motivated to achieve, children with an extrinsic orientation a. see themselves as more competent at academic tasks b. strive to win recognition or tangible incentives for their accomplishments c. prefer more challenging academic tasks d. get better grades at school e. all of the above 26. Research suggests that parents might help a young child to develop some patience and self-control by a. focusing the child's attention on the positive qualities of a delayed incentive b. ridiculing the child's impulsiveness c. granting the child freedom to work out an effective delay strategy d. labeling the child as patient e. feeding the child prescription tranquilizers 27. The coffee and cream problem discussed and illustrated in class might be interpreted to mean that a. not all college students use formal operational thought at all times. b. all conservation problems are not created equal. c. horizontal decoulage (inconsistent stage reasoning) is alive and well in SLC. d. All of the above. e. None of the above. 28. According to Zajonc's "mental mediation" (or confluence) hypothesis a. a child's intellectual development (and hence, capacity for achievement) depends on the average intellectual level of all family members b. the presence of siblings in the household helps children to develop their full intellectual potentials c. achievement training provided by a single parent should lead to higher levels of intellectual development than training provided by two parents d. all of the above e. none of the above 29. When minority youth call a member of their own ethnic group an "Oreo" or a "coconut" they are a. displaying strong racial prejudice b. illustrating the conflicts minority youth experience between the demands of the majority culture and those of their subculture c. contributing in an adaptive way to the person's identity achievement d. all of the above e. none of the above 30. The panel presentation on attachment suggested that attachment theory a. has many fewer implications for our life then earlier believed. b. has not attracted the attention of many reputable investigators. c. is more predictive for D babies than for A, B, and C babies. d. has implications for all manner of relationships during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood. e. All of the above. 31. Which best illustrates the identity status called "identity achievement?" a. Fred plans to be a teacher because his parents and siblings are all teachers b. Margo has taken a battery of psychological tests and is exploring different majors in order to determine which career best suits her c. Gail knows that she hates to work and assumes that her calling in life will come to her when the time is right d. After much soul searching and many discussions with a career counselor, Lee changed from pre-med to elementary education and is not completing his student teaching 32. Which of the following is perhaps the most controversial aspect of Freud's theory? a. that early childhood experiences are crucial to later performance b. that mechanisms of defense are employed in anxiety-arousing situations c. that different conflicts typify different stages of development d. that part of our experiences are unconscious e. that two basic instincts, Eros and Thanatos, are the motive force in life 33. As a woman has more children, she is likely to a. develop more negative attitudes toward children b. think that children are easier to raise c. find it easier to become attached to each successive infant d. seek solitude in drugs and elicit sex e. all or none of the above 34. Cognitive-developmental theory (e.g., Piaget, Selman, Kohlberg) includes the notion of stages. These stages presumably have which of the following characteristics? a. quantitatively different b. variable order c. coherence or consistency d. based upon content of thought e. all, or none of the above 35. According to B. F. Skinner, the vast majority of our behaviors are freely emitted operants that are controlled by a. external stimuli or events b. internal drives c. cognitive interpretations of external stimuli or events d. our genotypes e. hormones 36. An ethological account of parent-infant attachment is that attachments occur because a. parents gratify the infant's oral needs. b. infants are biologically programmed to love their parents. c. both infant and parents are biologically predisposed to respond to each other in ways that promote proximity. d. hormonal changes at birth predispose infants to become attached to their parents. e. of innate smiling reflexes. 37. Which of the following are important methodological or philosophy of science contributions of B.F. Skinner? a. focus on objective measures of overt behavior b. emphasis on the individual as the appropriate focus of study c. functional analysis d. all of the above e. none of the above -- these are contributions of Watson 38. Jimmie decides to help Susie with some difficult math homework. Jimmie's playmates wonder why he is passing up a baseball game to do so. They are likely to infer that his behavior is a ploy to win Susie's affection (that is, situationally caused) if a. Jimmie never helps anyone with their homework b. Susie is not particularly attractive and hasn't any nice possessions that Jimmie would like to play with c. Jimmie is a child who often helps others who need assistance d. all of the above e. none of the above 39. Freud's theory is a. a stage theory. b. a dynamic theory. c. a historical theory. d. a structural theory. e. all, or none of the above. 40. One implication of Scarr and McCartney's active genotype-environment interactions is that a. genes influence the kind of life experiences people are likely to have b. identical twins should strongly resemble each other on all aspects of personality, regardless of whether they are reared together or apart c. genes and environments are entirely independent d. environments play only a secondary role in shaping personality attributes e. all or none of the above 41. Utah is touted as one of the states which has strongly pro-child values as well as social policies. The data suggested that a. this reputation is certainly deserved. b. this reputation is open to question, though there is not many data that speak to this issue. c. there is substantial basis to question the accuracy of this reputation. d. we are actually quite a bit better then our reputation would suggest. 42. An examination of the handout on social policy questions -- which were generated by the class -- would suggest that a nontrivial portion of these questions concerned a. war and peace b. world hunger c. sex and gender d. satanism and ritual murder e. Non of these issues much attracted the attention of our class members. 43. Research on early emotional bonding has shown that a. contact at birth is critical for the development of strong parent-to- infant attachments b. skin-to-skin contact within 10-12 hours after birth ensures the strongest possible parent-to-infant attachments c. adoptive parents and children cannot achieve as close an attachment as biological parents and children can d. attachments between parent and infant build slowly over a period of months following the birth of the child e. the "hormonal mediation" hypothesis is an accurate account of the engrossment that parents experience with their infant 44. Which of the following, according to Skinner, are procedures for strengthening behavior? a. positive and negative reinforcement. b. positive and negative punishment. c. extinction. d. All of the above. e. None of the above. 45. Which of the theories we studied this quarter would use self -processes, cognitive processes, and imitation in emplaning the likely effects of a social policy change? a. Piaget b. Skinner c. Bowlby d. Bandura e. None of the above 46. According to Robert Selman (1980), children younger than 8 or 9 describe acquaintances in terms of their concrete attributes (for example, their activities, appearances, and possessions) rather than their psychological characteristic because children this young a. think most behaviors are situationally caused b. fail to use any causal schemata that would enable them to make internal attributions c. lack role-taking skills d. have substantial experience with mortar, particularly if they are from New Jersey e. all or none of the above 47. According to the text, what is a likely reason for the "link" between security of attachment and achievement motivation? a. securely attached children are more curious, self-reliant, and eager to solve problems b. securely attached children are more intellectually competent c. parents of securely attached infants provide more stimulating environments d. parents of securely attached children are more demanding e. securely attached children feel secure in cheating on achievement tests 48. Which of the following emotional milestones occurs earliest in infants? a. fear of heights b. social smiling c. social attachments d. stranger anxiety e. separation anxiety 49. Which of the following statements best characterizes the research on the resilience (or lack thereof) of socially deprived individuals? a. severe social deprivation lasting longer than one year produces irreversible developmental handicaps b. human and animal evidence points to the possibility of recovery following early social deprivation c. the presence of socially skillful age mates makes socially withdrawn children even more withdrawn d. studies clearly indicate that all the deficits associated with early social deprivation can be reversed 50. "The active, exploring child does not simply mirror experience; he creates it, and in the process, he changes himself." To which theoretical tradition does this statement best apply? a. The psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud b. The social-learning theory of John B. Watson c. The cognitive-developmental theory of Jean Piaget d. The nautical position of Leaf Erickson e. Sander Scarr's genetic/environmental interaction theory Hartmann